AREE CRITICHE DELL’ADOZIONE

La realtà dell’adozione1 è ormai da tempo ampiamente diffusa nella nostra società.
Di conseguenza, la presenza di minori adottati nelle scuole italiana è divenuta un fenomeno rilevante.
Nonostante l’estrema variabilità soggettiva e circostanziale, esistono situazioni ed esperienze sfavorevoli che i bambini hanno vissuto prima di essere adottati. Ad esempio, la dolorosa separazione dai genitori biologici e, talvolta, anche dai fratelli. Spesso a questo si aggiungono vissuti di solitudine, istituzionalizzazione, maltrattamento fisico e/o psicologico, periodo di affido o addirittura adozioni non riuscite.
In aggiunta, i bambini provenienti dall’adozione, ed in particolar modo quella internazionale, hanno dovuto confrontarsi con numerosi cambiamenti: linguistici, climatici, alimentari e altri ancora. Essi hanno dovuto affrontare contesti nuovi e sconosciuti, lasciandosi alle spalle pezzi della propria storia spesso difficili e inenarrabili.
Infine, le differenze culturali e somatiche che caratterizzano questi bambini contribuiscono a rendere ancora più complesso il percorso di integrazione nel nuovo contesto di vita.
Nello specifico, sono state evidenziate delle aree di maggior criticità che non devono essere prese attentamente in considerazione.
Occorre ricordare però che esse non sono sempre presenti, né tantomeno in egual misura in tutti i bambini.

DIFFICOLTA’ DI APPRENDIMENTO
Recenti studi hanno rilevato una percentuale significativa di Disturbi Specifici dell’Apprendimento (DSA) nei bambini adottati. Ma pur in assenza di essi, le esperienze di situazioni critiche che i bambini provenienti dall’adozione hanno vissuto posso interferire con le capacità di apprendimento. Alcuni di questi esiti posso essere, ad esempio, danni neurologici dovuti all’esposizione pre-natale a droghe o alcol, la precoce istituzionalizzazione, l’assunzione di psicofarmaci in istituto, la deprivazione, l’abuso, il trauma dell’abbandono. Questi vissuti possono evolversi in problematiche nella sfera cognitiva, come difficoltà nella concentrazione, nell’attenzione, nella memorizzazione, nella produzione verbale e scritta e talvolta nelle funzioni logiche.

DIFFICOLTA’ PSICO-EMOTIVE
Vissuti sfavorevoli antecedenti all’adozione possono portare anche a problematiche psico-emotive, come nella capacità di controllare ed esprimere le emozioni. Infatti, nei bambini adottati spesso si riscontrano difficoltà nel tollerare le frustrazioni, comportamenti aggressivi, mancato rispetto delle regole, provocazioni, bisogno di attenzioni. Si tratta di evidenti sintomi di disagio emotivo interno.
Se poi sono venute a mancare delle figure di riferimento stabili ci si può aspettare che il bambino sperimenti un forte senso di insicurezza e vulnerabilità, che a lungo termine lo porterà a costruirsi un’immagine di sé che lo caratterizza come indesiderabile e dell’ambiente esterno come ostile e pericoloso.
Anche le relazioni con adulti e coetanei possono risultare difficoltosi a causa del timore di essere rifiutati o nuovamente abbandonati. Questo sentimento, insieme all’estremo bisogno di essere amati, sta alla base dalla rabbia e dal dolore per quanto subito. Acquisire modalità relazionali adeguate è un percorso molto impegnativo per i bambini adottati e richiede tempi lunghi che devono essere rispettati.

SCOLARIZZAZIONE
I bambini provenienti dall’adozione internazionale spesso sono originari di Paesi prevalentemente rurali, dove le strutture sociali sono fragili, il tasso di analfabetismo e di abbandono scolastico precoce è elevato. Il percorso scolastico in questi Paesi, ove presente, è strutturato con modalità molto differenti da quelle attualmente adottate in Italia.
Ne consegue che al momento dell’adozione essi possano aver ricevuto una scolarizzazione esigua, o non averla ricevuta affatto.

BISOGNI SPECIALI
Negli ultimi anni2 sono aumentate significativamente le adozioni di bambini con bisogni speciali (“Special Needs”).
Con questa definizione ci si riferisce alle adozioni:

  • di due o più minori;
  • di bambini di sette anni di età o maggiore;
  • di bambini con significative problematiche di salute o di disabilità;
  • di bambini reduci da esperienze particolarmente difficili e/o traumatiche.

Le ultime due tipologie di bisogni speciali sono quelle che danno maggiormente esito a specifiche problematiche sul piano degli apprendimenti e dell’adattamento al nuovo contesto di vita.
Spesso le informazioni mediche pervenute sono, inoltre, incomplete; le cartelle cliniche posso riportare i sintomi, piuttosto che la diagnosi, ed essi vengono verificati o accertati solo dopo l’arrivo in Italia. E’ infine da rimarcare che ogni Paese valuterà i dossier medici secondo i propri standard valutativi.

ETA’ PRESUNTA
In alcuni Pesi, i bambini non vengono iscritti all’anagrafe al momento della nascita, ma unicamente nel momento dell’ingresso in istituto o della formalizzazione dell’abbinamento con una coppia di genitori adottivi. Questo fenomeno dà luogo a numerose discrepanze circa l’età dei bambini che può variare fino anche a un anno. Le condizioni di denutrizione e talvolta di ritardo psico-motorio possono contribuire a quest’erronea valutazione e rendere difficile l’individuazione dell’età reale.

PREADOLESCENZA E ADOLESCENZA
Un numero significativo di bambini viene adottato intorno ai 10 anni, la complessa età della pre-adolescenza alle porte dell’adolescenza. In questo periodo la strutturazione dei legami affettivi e familiari si scontra con la naturale necessità di crescita e la ricerca dell’indipendenza.
Nell’adozione posso presentarsi problematiche significative connesse alla definizione della propria identità, ai cambiamenti del corpo, alle relazioni con i coetanei e, più in generale, con contesto sociale.
Occorre, quindi, adottare numerose forme di flessibilità nella fase di inserimento del ragazzo nel nuovo contesto, sia familiare che scolastico.

ITALIANO COME SECONDA LINGUA
Generalmente i bambini proveniente dall’adozione internazionale imparano velocemente il vocabolario di base e le espressioni quotidiane. Il linguaggio astratto invece richiede un apprendimento scolastico avanzato e procede molto lentamente.
Le maggiori difficoltà riscontrate si trovano nella comprensione del testo letto o nell’esporre i contenuti appresi e rielaborati.
Ulteriori difficoltà si manifestano nell’acquisizione di nuovi fonemi tipici dell’italiano ma che non esistevano nella lingua madre, e viceversa. Ciò rende imprecisa l’esecuzione e la pronuncia.
Tuttavia la difficoltà maggiore risiede nella modalità di apprendimento della lingua, che è di tipo sottrattivo nei bambini adottati. In altre parole, la nuova lingua sostituisce la precedente, la quale non venendo più esercitata, è destinata a decadere. Infatti spesso i bambini possono sentirsi mancare i vocaboli con cui vorrebbero esprimersi, sperimentando forti sentimenti di rabbia e frustrazione.

IDENTITA’ ETNICA
I tratti somatici tipici e riconoscibili dei bambini provenienti dall’adozione internazionale gravano ulteriormente sulle loro spalle, contribuendo a richiedere loro il complesso compito di integrare l’originaria appartenenza culturale con quella della famiglia adottiva e del nuovo contesto di vita.
Ciò può assorbire molte energie cognitive ed emotive.
Al momento dell’adozione, il bambino adottato è cittadino italiano a tutti gli effetti. Ma l’ambiente sociale necessita di più tempo per questo riconoscimento, senza tuttavia privarlo in alcun modo delle sue radici e della sua storia. La scuola è un gran banco di prova per questo processo e spesso molto difficoltoso per questi bambini, specie se arrivati da poco nel nostro Paese. Tuttavia essa rappresenta anche la migliore possibilità per promuovere l’inclusione, l’integrazione e l’accettazione delle diversità.
Occorre tenere presente che i bambini adottati perdono velocemente la lingua madre e spesso possono sperimentare sentimenti molto ambivalenti verso la cultura di appartenenza, alternando nostalgia e orgoglio a rifiuto e negazione.


Note:
1 MIUR (2014) “Linee di indirizzo per favorire il diritto allo studio degli alunni adottati”
2 Commissione per le Adozioni Internazionali.

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