Nella lingua italiana, col termine “trauma” ci si riferisce al concetto di ferita, di lesione fisica, oppure ad un evento violento negativo, violento e circoscritto che incide profondamente sulla persona.
In psicologia1 è ormai universalmente riconosciuto l’impatto traumatico di alcune esperienze estreme, come ad esempio il maltrattamento fisico, la violenza sessuale e l’abbandono.
Tuttavia non tutti i soggetti esposti ad eventi simili manifestano le stesse conseguenze. Ciò è dovuto all’interazione tra fattori biologici, psicologici e sociali che concorrono in questo processo.
In altre parole, è possibile affermare che le conseguenze di un evento traumatico sull’individuo sono determinate da diversi e numerosi fattori: la tipologia dell’evento, l’età del soggetto, le caratteristiche della sua personalità, la qualità delle relazioni, la possibilità di dare significato all’esperienza attraverso la condivisione, l’opportunità di costruire con altre persone progetti di riscatto e riparativi.
Numerosi studi2 hanno evidenziato come effetti traumatici siano presenti anche in soggetti che hanno vissuto e sono cresciuti in contesti relazionali gravemente distorti, inappropriati e non rispondenti ai bisogni affettivi fondamentali.
Questa nuova linea di pensiero sostiene, inoltre, che un evento traumatico colpisce con maggiore facilità individui già vittime di contesti sociali inadeguati. Alcune esempi di questi ultimi sono relazioni caratterizzate da trascuratezza, relazioni perverse e violente, patologie psichiche dei genitori, gravi conflittualità relazionali. In questi casi, viene soprattutto a mancare il rapporto protettivo tra genitore e figlio e la capacità genitoriale di rispondere ai bisogni di cura.
Dal punto di vista psicofisiologico il soggetto in età infantile non dispone di una maturazione cerebrale sufficiente per attribuire significato e continuità all’esperienza. Questo compito spetta alla figura genitoriale.
In età adolescenziale questo processo ha già compiuto numerosi passi avanti. Tuttavia incontra un periodo di profondo cambiamento e formazione identitaria che non assicura ancora il soggetto dal rischio di sviluppare conseguenze negative.
Alcuni degli effetti del trauma riscontrati in età adolescenziale hanno un impatto significativo sul processo evolutivo dell’individuo.
Ecco 5 conseguenze1 che esperienze traumatiche possono avere sul mondo interno degli adolescenti.
LACERAZIONE
Dal punto di vista psichico, l’evento traumatico può causare uno choc violento, al parI di una lacerazione fisica. Infatti, il trauma può provocare un forte aumento di eccitazione per cui il soggetto non possiede mezzi sufficienti per elaborarlo. In questo modo egli viene travolto dagli eventi, e insieme a lui anche le difese che erano state costruite fino ad allora con lo scopo di proteggerlo.
IMPOTENZA
Un sentimento molto comune suscitato da un’esperienza traumatica è l’impotenza. Ciò è dovuto al fatto che molto spesso l’individuo si trova impreparato ad affrontarla.
Questa sensazione può essere collegata alla mancanza di protezione da parte dei genitori.
INCAPACITA’ DI ELABORAZIONE
Un’altra comune effetto dell’evento traumatico è lo sconvolgimento delle normali capacità di pensiero. In un primo momento, infatti, l’esperienza traumatica non viene elaborata poiché l’individuo non riesce ad attribuirgli un senso, dal momento che non rientra negli schemi di pensiero da lui posseduti e cui normalmente fa riferimento.
E’ per questo motivo che spesso le violenze non vengono comunicate ad altri, ovvero per una mancanza di comprensione degli eventi. Questi soggetti non possiedono gli strumenti adeguati per un’elaborazione di questo tipo, per cui necessitano dell’adulto e del suo supporto per guardare all’esperienza e per far emergere poco alla volta fatti tanto dolorosi.
MECCANISMI DI DIFESA
Il primo e più comune comportamento di fronte a un’esperienza traumatica è quello di allontanarla da sé, di confinarla in una parte di sé in modo che non provochi dolore. In altra parole, è possibile tentare di negare l’evento o scindere la parte razionale da quella emotiva.
Questo tipo di eventi genere una profonda angoscia, terrore, dolore e spesso anche vergogna. Gli adolescenti possono tentare di negare l’accaduto o prenderne le distanze, mettendo in atto un vero e proprio scollamento tra pensiero ed emozioni. L’unico scopo è quello di proteggersi da qualcosa percepito come troppo grande e ingestibile.
RIPETIZIONE
I tentativi di mettere in atto meccanismi di difesa simili sono destinati a fallire.
L’evento traumatico ha già lasciato la sua impronta indelebile e aperto una ferita. Una ferita che condiziona la vita dell’individuo e lo spingerà a ripetere inconsapevolmente una serie di comportamenti percepiti come compensatori o protettivi del dolore provato. Essi sono causati da uno stato perenne di ansia e agitazione, talvolta abbinati a depressione.
Tipiche risposte adolescenziali ad esperienze traumatiche si manifestano attraverso comportamenti quali scoppi di rabbia, atteggiamenti aggressivi, chiusure relazionali, disturbi del sonno, incubi ricorrenti, problemi nell’alimentazione e nell’apprendimento, fughe da casa.
Questi sono i comportamenti più comunemente esperiti dagli adolescenti che hanno vissuto un’esperienza traumatica. Possono risultare significativi in quanto insorgono improvvisamente, senza che il soggetto abbia mai parlato prima del disagio. Possono essere dunque d’aiuto identificarli preventivamente, in modo da riuscire a supportare l’adolescente e stimare processi di riflessione su di sé.
1 Bertetti B., Chistolini M., Rangone G., Vadilonga F., (2003) “L’adolescenza ferita. Un modello di presa in carico delle gravi crisi adolescenziali”. Ed. Franco Angeli.
2 Kernberg O., (1993) “Aggressività., disturbi della personalità e perversione.” Ed. Cortina, Milano.
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