L’adolescenza è l’età del cambiamento per eccellenza.
Di tutta le età dello sviluppo l’adolescenza è quella più ricca di trasformazioni, di novità e di crescita personale. Tutti questi cambiamenti provengono sia dall’interno, ovvero a livello fisico, emotivo, cognitivo e intellettivo, sia dall’esterno a livello dei rapporti interpersonali con i pari e con i genitori, con l’altro sesso, con la scuola e con la società.
Da questi cambiamenti scaturiscono nuovi comportamenti, nuovi atteggiamenti, un nuovo linguaggio. Tutte caratteristiche di questa fase di transizione.
Come in ogni fase ed in ogni cambiamento, l’elemento caratterizzante è una buona quota di stress, sia per l’adolescente che si trova di fronte a situazioni nuove e a cui doversi adattare, sia per i genitori che condividono con lui questo periodo.
Ecco che alcuni giovani arrivano più preparati ed equipaggiati, mentre altri risultano più in difficoltà ed esposti.
In adolescenza i giovani si trovano quindi ad affrontare 4 diversi compiti di sviluppo 1 :
Accettare i cambiamenti fisiologici e la maturazione sessuale
Gli adolescenti si trovano davanti a un corpo che cambia, spesso in tempi brevi, ed in cui all’inizio non si riconoscono e che spesso non sanno gestire. Difficoltà sovente aggravate dal soggettivo ideale di bellezza fisica e da cui il proprio corpo può discostarsi.
Occorre imparare a gestire i cambiamenti ormonali, da cui derivano nuovi impulsi e desideri strettamente legati alla sfera relazionale al fine della loro soddisfazione.
Occorre quindi controllare il cambiamento attraverso un’adeguata informazione, l’accettazione del cambiamento, il sostegno psicologico, il dialogo con i genitori e l’adattamento sociale.
Alla ricerca di una nuova identità
Negli anni dell’infanzia il bambino si identifica attraverso gli occhi del genitore, che fungono da specchio, e le reazioni alle sue stesse azioni.
In questa fase di cambiamento viene a definirsi la personalità e l’identità propria dell’adolescente e lungo questo percorso si può incorrere temporaneamente in un’identità diffusa, ovvero ancora incerta. Infatti i ragazzi si trovano a fare delle prove per capire meglio in quale direzione è meglio muoversi, magari evitando di fare scelte affrettate o assumersi responsabilità, provando così a indossare provvisoriamente i panni di identità diverse.
Ecco che viene ad esplicarsi il processo cosiddetto di identificazione/separazione tipico di questa fase: in altre parole l’adolescente comincia a staccarsi dal genitore alla ricerca di se stesso e il punto di partenza è la messa in discussione dei modelli ricevuti in insegnamento dai genitori.Il modo più conosciuto che trovano i ragazzi è opporsi ad essi per sperimentare l’opposto di quanto hanno sempre conosciuto fino a quel momento.
Questa opposizione viene spesso diretta verso un genitore nello specifico, poiché ritenuto abbastanza forte da riuscire a sostenere le sue prove di identità, ovvero le sue provocazioni.
Emanciparsi dalla famiglia
Inteso sia sul piano concreto che sentimentale.
Nell’infanzia infatti i genitori erano gli unici destinatari dell’affetto del figlio. In adolescenza invece il giovane comincia a cercare la sua indipendenza per avventurarsi verso il mondo esterno, prova infatti più curiosità verso ciò e coloro che si trovano all’esterno della famiglia. Avviene così una sorta di disinvestimento dei familiari sul piano dei sentimenti e l’affetto viene diretto verso il gruppo di pari e l’altro sesso, iniziando così a dare forma a un progetto di vita.
Tuttavia l’adolescente non è ancora totalmente indipendente, necessita ancora di una guida e ciò genera numerosi conflitti, soprattutto perché questa fase di cambiamento avviene anche nei genitori e nel loro ruolo, il quale deve necessariamente ma gradatamente modificarsi. Essi infatti devono effettuare il passaggio da una figura prettamente di accudimento e di insegnamento a una di accompagnamento, passando così da una relazione adulto-bambino a una di tipo adulto-adulto.
Darsi una scala di valori e di obiettivi
Cambia il corpo, cambia l’identità, cambia la famiglia, cambiano anche gli interessi e gli orizzonti. Si sviluppa la capacità critica e logica, i valori, le prospettive per il futuro, l’interesse per nuove tematiche.
Il giovane è chiamato ad abbandonare la serenità, la tranquillità e la protezione dell’età infantile e ad affrontare reali opportunità di socializzazione non sempre così evidenti.
Queste esperienze possono essere positive e comportare dei rischi calcolati, mentre altre possono essere distruttive e sfociare nella devianza. L’adolescenza è un periodo significativo nello sviluppo della persona e non si può pretendere si risolva in poco tempo. E’ un lavoro lungo e difficile che deve operare il giovane insieme alla sua famiglia, da cui sboccerà l’adulto che è in lui.
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